© Borgis - Postepy Fitoterapii 3, s. 198-203
*Anna Kędzia
Olejek czosnkowy – skład chemiczny, działanie farmakologiczne i lecznicze
GARLIC OIL – CHEMICAL COMPONENTS, PHARMACOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL ACTIVITY
Zakład Mikrobiologii Jamy Ustnej, Katedra Mikrobiologii Gdańskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego
Kierownik Zakładu i Katedry: dr hab. Anna Kędzia, prof. ndzw.
Summary
Common garlic (Allium sativum L.) appears to have originated in Central Asia and then spread rapidly into India, China, Northern Africa and Europa. Nowadays the cultivation of garlic is very popular all country over the world. Medicinally used garlic oil is mostly prepared by steam-distillation process. The garlic oil consists of the diallyl disulfide (60%), diallyl trisulfide (19-20%), allyl methyl trisulfide (13%), allyl methyl disulfide (13%), diallyl tetrasulfide (8-10%), allyl methyl tetrasulfide (6%), allylpropylsulfide (6%) and dimethyl trisulfide (3%). The oil also contains enzymes, nucleosides, thiosulfinates and thiourea. The essential oil of garlic demonstrate many medical properties: antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, antioxidant, expectorant, antihypertensive, fibrinolytic, anticancer and inhibiting the aggregations of blood plateles.
Key words: garlic oil, pharmacological properties, chemical contents, applications in medicine
Piśmiennictwo
1. Lutomski J. Fascynacja czosnkiem – wczoraj i dziś. Post Fitoter 2001; 5:7-14. 2. Koch HP. „Knoblauch” Wie dosiert man richtig? Dtsch Apoth Ztg 1988; 128(8):408-12. 3. Miething H. Allicin und Öl In Knoblauchzwiebeln- HPLC- Gehaltsbestimung. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 1985; 125(41):2049-50. 4. Vernin G, Metzger J, Fraisse D. GC-MC (EJ, PJC, NCJ) Computer analysis of volatile sulfur compoumds in garlic essential oils. Application of the mass fragmentometry SIM Technique. Planta Med 1986; 36:96-101. 5. Lutomski J. Compounds and biological properties of some allium species. Publication Institute of Medical Plants, Poznań, 1987. 6. Stoll A, Seebeck E. Uber Allicin, die gennine-Muttersubstanz des Knoblauchöls. 1. Mittelung. Helv Chim Acta 1948; 31:189-210. 7. Tchiersch B. Neue aminosauren in hoheren Pflanzen. Pharmazie 1962; 17:721-30. 8. Lutomski J. Die Bedeutung von Knoblauch-Preparaten in der Phytotherapie. Pharmazie u. Zeit. 1980; 9:45. 9. Ożarowski A. Ziołolecznictwo. Warszawa PZWL 1976. 10. Samochowiec L. Kompedium ziołolecznictwa. Wyd Med Urban i Partner, Wrocław 1995. 11. Banerjee SK, Maulik SK. Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review. Nutr J 2002; 1(4):4-32. 12. Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12(4):564-82. 13. Naganawa R, Iwata N, Ishikawa K i wsp. Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlic. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62(11):4238-42. 14. Jozani NH, Shahabi S, Ali AA i wsp. In vitro antibacterial activity of garlic against isolates of Acinetobacter sp. J Biol Sci 2007; 7(5):819-22. 15. Tynecka Z, Gos Z. The inhibitory action of garlic on growth and respiration of some microorganisms. Acta Microbiol Pol 1973; 5:51-6. 16. Ankri S, Mirelman D. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes Infect 1999; 1:125-9. 17. Ross ZM, O´Gara EA, Hill DJ i wsp. Antimicrobial properties of garlic oil against human enteric bacteria: evaluation of methodologies and comparison with garlic oil sulfides and garlic powder. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:475-80. 18. Ruddock PS, Liao M, Foster BC i wsp. Garlic natural health products exhibit variable constituent levels and antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Phytother Res 2005; 19:327-34. 19. O´Gara EA, Hill DJ, Maslin DJ. Activities of garlic oil, garlic powder, and their diallyl constituents against Helicobacter pylori. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:2269-73. 20. Cellini L, Di Campli E, Masulli M i wsp. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by extract ( Allium sativum). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1996; 13:273-7. 21. Tsao S, Hsu C, Jin M. Garlic extract and two diallyl sulphides inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in BALB /cA mice. J Antimicrobiol Chemother 2003; 52:974-80. 22. Kędzia A. Działanie na bakterie beztlenowe alkoholowego wyciągu z czosnku ( Allium sativum L.). Herba Pol 1999; 54(1):27-32. 23. Ismaiel A, Pierson MD. Inhibition of growth and germination of C. botulinum 33A, 40B and 1623E by essential oils of species. J Food Sci 1990; 55:1676-8. 24. Maruzzella JC, Sicurella NA. Antibacterial activity of essential oil vapors. J Am Pharm Assoc 1960; 49:692-4. 25. Tsao S, Yin M. In vitro of garlic oil and four diallyl sulphides against antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47:665-70. 26. Tsao S, Yin M. In vitro antimicrobial activity of four diallyl sulphides occurring naturally in garlic and Chinese leek oils. J Med Microbial 2001; 50:646-9. 27. Kędzia A. Działanie olejku czosnkowego na bakterie beztlenowe wyodrębnione z jamy ustnej i górnych dróg oddechowych. Post Fitoter 2000; 1:28-31. 28. Pyun MS, Shin S. Antifungal effects of the volatile oils from Allium plants against Trichophyton species and synergism of the oils with ketoconazole. Phytomedicine 2006; 13:394-400. 29. Bordia A, Verma SK, Vyas AK i wsp. Effect of essential oil of onion and garlic on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1977; 26(3):379-86. 30. Gebhardt R, Bech H. Differential inhibitory effect of garlic-derived organo sulfur compounds on cholesterol biosyntesis in primary rat hepatocyte culture. Lipids 1996; 31:1269-76. 31. Yeh YY, Lin L. Cholesterol lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulphur compounds: Human and animal studies. J Nutr 2001; 131:989-93. 32. Bordia A, Arora SK, Kothari LK i wsp. The protective action of essential oils of anion and garlic in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1975; 22:103-9. 33. Kritchevsky D. Effect of garlic oil on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Artery 1975; 1:319-23. 34. Bordia AK, Joshi HK, Sandya YK i wsp. Effect of essential oil of garlic on serum fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1977; 28:155-8. 35. Bordia SK. Protective effect of garlic oil on the changes production by 3 weeks of fatty diet on serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fibrinolytic activity and platelet adhesiveness in man. Ind Heart J 1982; 34:86-92. 36. Ali M. Mechanism by which garlic ( Allium sativum) inhibits cyclooxygenase activity. Effect of raw versus boiled garlic extract on the synthesis of ptostanoids. Prostoglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995; 53:397-400. 37. Apitz-Castro R, Escalante J, Vargas R i wsp. Ajoene, the antiplated principle of garlic, synergistically potentiates the antiaggregatory action of prosthacyclin, forsholin, indomethacin and dypiridamole on human platelets. Thromb Res 1986; 42:303-11. 38. Bordia A, Verma SK, Srivastava KC. Effect of garlic ( Allium sativum) on blood, lipids, blood sugar, fibrinogen and fibrynolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostoglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1998; 52:257-63. 39. Sharif AM, Darabi R, Akbarloo N. Investigation of antihypertensive mechanism of garlic in 2k1C hypertensive rat. J Ethopharmacol 2003; 86:219-24. 40. Zheziang Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The effect of essential oil of garlic on hyperlipidemia and platelet aggregation – an analysis of 308 cases. Cooperative Group for Essential Oil of Garlic. J Tradit Chin Med 1986; 6:117-20. 41. Tisserand R, Balacs T. Essential oil safety. Edinburg, Churchil Livingstone. 1995. 42. Jain RC, Vyas CR. Garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Am J Clin Nutr 1975; 28:684-5. 43. Jain RC, Vyas CR, Mahatma OP. Hypoglicemic action of onion and garlic. Lancet 1973; 2:1491-5. 44. Zhang XH, Lowe D, Giles P i wsp. Gender may affect the action of garlic oil on plasma cholesterol subjects. J Nutr 2001; 131:1471-8. 45. Jain RC, Vayas CR. Hypoglycemia action of onion on rabbits. Br Med J 1974; 2:730-3. 46. Chang MLW, Johnson MA. Effect of garlic on carbohydrate metabolism and lipid synthesis in rats. J Nutr 1980; 110:931-6. 47. Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Pindur G i wsp. Effect of garlic on thrombocyte aggregation, microcirculation, and other risk factors. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1991; 29:151-5. 48. Abraham KO, Shankaranarayana ML, Raghavan B. Allium – varietas chemistry and analysis. Lebensm-Wiss U Techn 1976; 9:193-200. 49. Wu CC, Shenn LY, Chen W i wsp. Effect of organosulfur compounds from garlic oil on the antioxidation system in rat liver and red blood cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2001; 39(6):563-9. 50. Hassan HA, El-Agmy SM, Gaur RL i wsp. In vitro evidence of hepato- and reno-protective effect of garlic oil against nitrite-induced oxidative stress. Int J Bio Sci 2009; 5(3):249-55. 51. Pedraza-Chaverri J, Maldonado PD, Barrera D i wsp. Protective effect of diallyl sulfide on oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 254:125-30. 52. Popova MA, Popova CS. Effect of chemical agents on some enzyme activities and on the stability of membrane structures. Bulg J Vet Med 2005; 8:163-71. 53. Salavanan G, Prakash J. Effect of garlic ( Allium sativum) on lipid peroxidation in experimental myocardial infarction in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 94:155-8. 54. Wu CC, Shen LY, Chen HW i wsp. Differential effects of garlic oil and its three major organosulfur components on the hepatic detoxification system in rats. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50(21):378-83. 55. Wu CC, Sheen LY, Chen HW. Effect of garlic oil and its organosulfur compounds on the activities of hepatic drug-metabolizing and oxidant enzymes in rats fed high-and low-fat diets. Nutr Cancer 1999; 35:160-6. 56. Milner JA. A historical perspective on garlic and cancer. J Nutr 2001; 131:10273-315. 57. Hamada S, Kamada M, Furumoto H i wsp. Expression of glutatione s-transferase-pi in human ovaria cancer as an indicator of resistance to chemotherapy. Ginecol Oncol 1994; 52:313-9. 58. Seki T, Fsuji K, Hayato Y. Garlic and onion oils inhibits proliferation and induce differentiation of HL-60 cells. Cancer Lett 2000; 160:29-35. 59. Khaunum F, Anilakmar KR, Sudarshanakrishna KR. Effect of feeding fresh garlic and garlic oil on detoxyifying enzymes as micronuclei formation in rats treated with azoxymethane. Ind J Vit Nutr Res 1998; 68:208-13. 60. Wu C, Chung J, Tsai S i wsp. Differential effect of allyl sulfides from garlic essential oil on cell cycle regulation in human liver tumor cells. Food Chem Toxixol 2004; 42:1937-45. 61. Benjamin H., Lau M, Padma P i wsp. Allium sativum (Garlic) and other cancer prevention. Nutr Res 1990; 10:937-48. 62. Thomson M, Ali M. Garlic: A review of its potential use as an anti-cancer agent. Curr Cancer Drug Tangets 2003; 3:267-381. 63. Muldner T, Verspaget H, Sierc C. Glutathione s-transferase-pi in colorectal tumors is predictive for overall survival. Cancer Res 1995; 55:2696-702. 64. Sansham AS, Rao AW, Kucheria K. Inhibitory action of garlic oil in the initiation of benzo(a)pyrene-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Lett 1988; 40:193-7. 65. Lutomski J, Alkiewicz J. Leki roślinne w profilaktyce i terapii. PZWL Warszawa 1993. 66. Kędzia B. Olejki eteryczne i preparaty olejkowe w leczeniu chorób wewnętrznych. Wiad Ziel 2000; 1:2-7.
otrzymano/received: 2009-09-20
zaakceptowano/accepted: 2009-10-27
Adres/address:
*Anna Kędzia
Zakład Mikrobiologii Jamy Ustnej
Katedra Mikrobiologii GUMed
ul. Do Studzienki 38, 80-227 Gdańsk
tel.: (058) 349-21-85
e-mail: zmju@amg.gda.pl